Sexual Trauma: Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, and Treatments

Sexual trauma encompasses the physical and psychological challenges faced by survivors of sexual assault. Approximately one in five women and one in four men in the United States have experienced unwelcome or forceful sexual contact. Children are also vulnerable to sexual trauma, with estimates indicating that one in nine girls and one in 53 boys under 18 face sexual assault by an adult. Sexual violence can result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological consequences. Let's explore the causes, symptoms, consequences, and treatments associated with sexual trauma.

Causes of Sexual Trauma

Sexual trauma arises from the body's response to extreme stress, leading to the production of the stress hormone cortisol. This hormone triggers the body's "fight or flight" response to danger. In cases of sexual assault, high cortisol levels can perpetuate a chronic state of hyperarousal, resulting in a constant sense of danger even in the absence of real threat. This can lead to a condition called toxic stress.

Symptoms of Sexual Trauma

The response to sexual assault can vary among individuals. Some may experience minimal or no discernible symptoms, while others may exhibit pronounced signs of distress. Approximately 50% of North American women display symptoms of sexual trauma. These symptoms can manifest physically, psychologically, and emotionally.

Physical Symptoms

Hyperarousal, also known as hyperactivity, is a common reaction to trauma in survivors of sexual assault. It involves a heightened state of fear and readiness even without apparent triggers. Physical symptoms associated with hyperarousal include:

• Difficulty sleeping
• Headaches
• Concentration challenges
• Chest pain
• Stomach issues

Psychological Signs

Sexual trauma can also affect mental well-being, leading to psychological symptoms such as:

• Difficulty concentrating
• Unpredictable emotional responses
• Self-harm
• Substance abuse

Emotional Effects

Emotional responses to sexual trauma can include:

• Emotional numbing as a defense mechanism against pain
• Avoidance of people, places, and situations associated with the event
• Intrusive thoughts about the traumatic experience

Sexual trauma may also result in personality changes, such as a shift from being outgoing to withdrawn.

Effects of Sexual Violence

The consequences of sexual trauma can be significant, manifesting across physical, emotional, and behavioral domains.

Mental Health Challenges

Sexual assault can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation.

Physical Effects

Survivors may experience bodily changes, such as lower abdominal pain, chronic pain, sleep difficulties, eating disorders, chronic fatigue, diabetes, and heart disease.

Behavioral Outcomes

Assault can impact interpersonal interactions, leading to fear of intimacy, avoidance of physical contact, and difficulty trusting others.

Treatment for Sexual Trauma

Although the impact of sexual trauma can be profound, there are effective treatments available to help survivors heal and overcome its effects.

Trusted Treatments for Overcoming Sexual Trauma:

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

CBT helps survivors address negative thoughts and patterns resulting from trauma. It teaches positive coping strategies and behaviors to manage the emotional pain of sexual assault.

2. Group Therapy:

Group therapy provides a safe and supportive environment for survivors to share their experiences and learn from each other. This can help normalize their reactions and reduce feelings of isolation.

3. Psychodynamic Therapy:

This therapy explores the emotional conflicts arising from trauma and aims to restore self-esteem by teaching new coping mechanisms.

4. Medication:

Pharmaceutical interventions, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can help manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD.

A Word From Verywell

Sexual assault is a serious issue that can result in lasting trauma for survivors. However, with the right support, therapy, and medication, it is possible to move forward and thrive despite the challenges.

If you are a survivor of sexual assault, reaching out for help is crucial. There are numerous resources and professionals available to provide guidance, support, and treatment. Remember, you are not alone in this journey.