Bipolar Disorder: Signs, Symptoms, and Subtypes

If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database.

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and behavior. There are two main types of bipolar disorder: bipolar I and bipolar II.

Signs and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I Disorder

• At least one manic episode in a lifetime
• Manic episodes characterized by:
  • Elevated or expansive mood
  • Grandiosity or inappropriate behavior
  • Increased energy and activity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Racing thoughts
  • Impulsive risk-taking behaviors
  • Delusions or hallucinations
• Depressive episodes characterized by:
  • Crying for no reason or prolonged periods of sadness
  • Difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness
  • Extreme fatigue, including the inability to get out of bed
  • Feelings of guilt or hopelessness
  • Loss of interest in activities that usually give you pleasure
  • Loss of interest in health, nutrition, or physical appearance
  • Sleeping excessively or difficulty sleeping
  • Suicidal thoughts or an impulse to self-harm

Bipolar II Disorder

• At least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
• Hypomanic episodes characterized by:
  • Elevated or expansive mood
  • Increased energy and activity
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Racing thoughts
  • Increased talkativeness
  • Increased risky behaviors
• Depressive episodes similar to those in bipolar I disorder

Complications and Comorbidities of Bipolar Disorder

• Difficulties in school or work
• Relationship problems
• Financial and legal problems
• Substance abuse
• Suicide or attempted suicide
• Co-occurring conditions, such as anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and eating disorders

Differences in Bipolar Disorder Between Men and Women

• Men may experience more severe episodes
• Women may have more rapid cycling between manic and depressive episodes

Bipolar Disorder in Children

• Symptoms may include:
  • Irritability
  • Restlessness
  • Hyperactivity
  • Aggressiveness
  • Mood swings
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Changes in appetite
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Suicidal thoughts

Co-Occurring Conditions with Bipolar Disorder

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Depression
• Anxiety disorders
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Substance use disorders

Conclusion

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health condition that requires lifelong treatment. However, with proper treatment, individuals with bipolar disorder can lead full and productive lives.