Clinical Depression: Signs and Complications

Depression is characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest in activities. Additional signs and symptoms include:

• Changes in appetite (overeating or loss of appetite)
• Sleep disturbances (difficulty sleeping or excessive sleep)
• Fatigue
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Impaired concentration and decision-making
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Symptoms and Signs of Depression

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes several types of depression, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD).

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) MDD is characterized by a depressed mood that lasts for at least two weeks and interferes with daily functioning. Other symptoms may include:

• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) PDD is a chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years. Symptoms are usually less severe than in MDD but can still be debilitating.

Depression Symptoms by Age Group

While low mood and loss of interest are common symptoms across all age groups, some specific symptoms are more prevalent in certain groups.

Children In children, depression may manifest as:

• Irritability or sadness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances
• Difficulty concentrating or paying attention
• Physical complaints (e.g., headaches or stomachaches)

Teenagers In teenagers, depression may manifest as:

• Irritability or anger
• Hopelessness or pessimism
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances
• Difficulty concentrating or paying attention
• Risk-taking behaviors (e.g., substance abuse)
• Self-harm or suicidal thoughts

Adults In adults, depression may manifest as:

• Sadness or emptiness
• Loss of interest in activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Complications of Depression

Depression can significantly impact a person's life, leading to issues in relationships, work or school, and overall health. It also increases the risk of developing other health conditions, such as:

• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Chronic pain
• Substance abuse
• Suicide

Conclusion

Depression is a serious mental illness that can have devastating effects. However, it is treatable. With proper treatment, individuals with depression can recover and live fulfilling lives.