How Do Other Countries Address Mental Health?

Mental health is an integral aspect of well-being, yet attitudes and stigma surrounding it vary across nations. This article delves into how different countries approach mental health care and the unique cultural factors that influence their strategies.

Global Overview: Mental Health Burdens

Mental health disorders rank as the second leading cause of disease burden, measured in terms of "years lived with disability." Low- and middle-income countries face substantial treatment gaps for individuals with mental illness.

Cultural practices and beliefs shape a country's perspective on mental health and its approach to care.

Cultural Influences on Mental Health Care

• East Asian cultures (China, Japan, Korea): The concept of "face" — reputation, dignity, and honor — may dissuade individuals from seeking help for mental health issues, fearing loss of face or bringing shame to their family or community.

• African cultures (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya): Beliefs in witchcraft and supernatural powers can lead to accusations of witchcraft or possession by evil spirits. People with mental health disorders may face violence or ostracism.

• Latin American cultures (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina): The value of "familism" places priority on family interests over individual preferences. Individuals with mental health conditions may seek emotional and practical support from their family members.

• Indigenous cultures (Native American, Aboriginal Australian, Maori): A holistic view of health encompasses physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects. People with mental health conditions may seek help from traditional healers using rituals, ceremonies, or herbal medicines.

Country-Specific Examples of Mental Health Care

India

• Limited treatment access due to stigma, lack of awareness, discrimination, and inadequate resources.

• National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) launched in 1982 to address the need for mental healthcare infrastructure.

• Family plays a significant role in supporting mental health, but varying levels of understanding and support may delay treatment.

• Cultural practices like yoga, meditation, Ayurveda, and joint family support contribute to mental health protection.

China

• Negative attitudes towards mental health persist, requiring efforts to improve understanding and access to care.

• Mental health services primarily offered through psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric departments in general hospitals.

• Challenges include the shortage of nonpsychiatric mental health professionals and an uneven distribution of services.

Japan

• Mental health treatment is generally affordable, with individuals covering 30% of the total cost and selecting their preferred medical institution.

• Japan has a high number of psychiatric care beds and is working to reduce this and promote community-based care.

• Mental health services encompass counseling, psychotherapy, medication, and hospitalization, provided by various professionals.

In conclusion, different countries address mental health with unique strategies influenced by cultural beliefs, practices, and challenges. Efforts to reduce stigma, increase access to affordable and quality care, and promote community-based support are essential for improving mental health outcomes globally.