Panic Attack Definition, Symptoms, Traits, Causes, and Treatment

Definition

A panic attack is an abrupt bout of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and includes at least four of the following symptoms:

• Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
• Sweating
• Trembling or shaking
• Shortness of breath or smothering sensations
• Feeling of choking
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Nausea or abdominal distress
• Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
• Numbness or tingling sensations
• Chills or hot flashes
• Fear of losing control or "going crazy"
• Fear of dying

Traits

• Sudden onset
• Reaches a peak within minutes
• May last for several minutes or hours
• May occur repeatedly

Causes

• Genetics: Panic attacks can run in families, suggesting a genetic component.
• Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in brain chemicals, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, may contribute to panic attacks.
• Life Stress: Major life stressors, such as the death of a loved one, a divorce, or a job loss, can trigger panic attacks in susceptible individuals.
• Personality and Temperament: Certain personality traits, such as perfectionism, anxiety sensitivity, and neuroticism, may increase the risk of panic attacks.

Types

• Spontaneous Panic Attacks: Occur without warning or a clear trigger.
• Situational Panic Attacks: Occur in response to a specific situation or object, such as being in a crowded place or driving on a highway.
• Anticipatory Panic Attacks: Occur in anticipation of a feared situation or object.

Treatment

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective form of psychotherapy for panic attacks. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to their panic attacks.
• Medication: Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can be helpful in reducing the severity and frequency of panic attacks.
• Lifestyle Changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes, such as getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep, can also help to manage panic attacks.

Coping Strategies

• Deep Breathing Exercises: Taking slow, deep breaths can help to calm the nervous system and reduce anxiety.
• Relaxation Techniques: Progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation can help to reduce stress and anxiety.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep can help to improve overall mental and physical health.
• Avoidance of Triggers: Identifying and avoiding situations or objects that trigger panic attacks can be helpful in preventing future attacks.

When to Seek Help

If you are experiencing panic attacks, it is important to seek professional help. Panic attacks can be a sign of an underlying anxiety disorder that requires treatment. A mental health professional can help you to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses your individual needs.