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7 Major Psychological Perspectives:

  1. Psychodynamic Perspective:
  2. Founder: Sigmund Freud
  3. Focus: Unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships shape personality and behavior.

  4. Key Concepts: Id (instincts), Ego (reality-based mediator), Superego (moral conscience).

  5. Behavioral Perspective:

  6. Founders: Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson
  7. Focus: Learned behaviors acquired through environmental reinforcement and punishment.

  8. Key Concept: Observable behaviors, measured and quantified, not internal thoughts or emotions.

  9. Cognitive Perspective:

  10. Emergence: 1960s
  11. Focus: Mental processes, including memory, attention, perception, problem-solving, and decision-making.

  12. Approach: Information-processing models to explain cognitive functions.

  13. Biological Perspective:

  14. Focus: Biological foundations of behavior, genetics, brain, nervous system, and immune system.

  15. Examines: Role of neurotransmitters, hormones, and brain circuits in behavior.

  16. Cross-Cultural Perspective:

  17. Focus: Examines human behavior within cultural contexts.

  18. Investigates: How cultural norms, values, and beliefs shape thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

  19. Evolutionary Perspective:

  20. Focus: Application of evolutionary principles to psychological phenomena.

  21. Assumption: Psychological processes serve adaptive purposes, evolving through natural selection.

  22. Humanistic Perspective:

  23. Focus: Inherent potential, growth, and self-actualization of individuals.
  24. Roots: Positive psychology, phenomenology, and existentialism.
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